
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ (mean = 2.24, sd = 1.69)}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ (mean = 0.26, sd = 0.44)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity          & 0.220$^{***}$ & 0.219$^{***}$ & 0.043         & 0.043\\   
                              & (0.062)       & (0.061)       & (0.027)       & (0.026)\\   
   Population                 &               & -0.016        &               & -0.011\\   
                              &               & (0.053)       &               & (0.015)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.077$^{***}$ & 0.078$^{***}$ & 0.017$^{**}$  & 0.016$^{**}$\\   
                               & (0.022)       & (0.022)       & (0.008)       & (0.008)\\   
   Predicted population        &               & 0.003         &               & -0.008\\   
                               &               & (0.040)       &               & (0.010)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.463$^{**}$  & 0.438$^{**}$  & 0.104         & 0.094\\   
                                         & (0.188)       & (0.182)       & (0.063)       & (0.059)\\   
   Population                            &               & -0.045        &               & -0.019\\   
                                         &               & (0.044)       &               & (0.012)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 12            & 17; 504       & 12            & 17; 504\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
& \multicolumn{2}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.167$^{***}$ & 0.179$^{***}$ &  & 0.020         \\
                               & (0.048)       & (0.049)       &  & (0.048)       \\
   Predicted population        &               & 0.095$^{***}$ &  & 0.867$^{***}$ \\
                               &               & (0.019)       &  & (0.101)       \\
    \\
   Inventor fixed effects     & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period-State fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


